Serbia Population: 7,243,007
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| Background | |
| The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes was formed in 1918; its name was changed to Yugoslavia in 1929. Various paramilitary bands resisted Nazi Germany's occupation and division of Yugoslavia from 1941 to 1945, but fought each other and ethnic opponents as much as the invaders. The military and political movement headed by Josip "TITO" Broz (Partisans) took full control of Yugoslavia when German and Croatian separatist forces were defeated in 1945. Although Communist, TITO's new government and his successors (he died in 1980) managed to steer their own path between the Warsaw Pact nations and the West for the next four and a half decades. In 1989, Slobodan MILOSEVIC became president of the Republic of Serbia and his ultranationalist calls for Serbian domination led to the violent breakup of Yugoslavia along ethnic lines. In 1991, Croatia, Slovenia, and Macedonia declared independence, followed by Bosnia in 1992. The remaining republics of Serbia and Montenegro declared a new Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) in April 1992 and under MILOSEVIC's leadership, Serbia led various military campaigns to unite ethnic Serbs in neighboring republics into a "Greater Serbia." These actions were ultimately unsuccessful and led to the signing of the Dayton Peace Accords in 1995. MILOSEVIC retained control over Serbia and eventually became president of the FRY in 1997. In 1998, an ethnic Albanian insurgency in the formerly autonomous Serbian province of Kosovo provoked a Serbian counterinsurgency campaign that resulted in massacres and massive expulsions of ethnic Albanians living in Kosovo. The MILOSEVIC government's rejection of a proposed international settlement led to NATO's bombing of Serbia in the spring of 1999, to the withdrawal of Serbian military and police forces from Kosovo in June 1999, and to the stationing of a NATO-led force in Kosovo to provide a safe and secure environment for the region's ethnic communities. FRY elections in late 2000 led to the ouster of MILOSEVIC and the installation of democratic government. In 2003, the FRY became Serbia and Montenegro, a loose federation of the two republics. Widespread violence predominantly targeting ethnic Serbs in Kosovo in March 2004 caused the international community to open negotiations on the future status of Kosovo in January 2006. In June 2006, Montenegro seceded from the federation and declared itself an independent nation. Serbia subsequently gave notice that it was the successor state to the union of Serbia and Montenegro. In February 2008, after nearly two years of inconclusive negotiations, the UN-administered province of Kosovo declared itself independent of Serbia - an action Serbia refuses to recognize. At Serbia's request, the UN General Assembly (UNGA) in October 2008 sought an advisory opinion from the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on whether Kosovo's unilateral declaration of independence was in accordance with international law. In a ruling considered unfavorable to Serbia, the ICJ issued an advisory opinion in July 2010 stating that international law did not prohibit declarations of independence. In late 2010, Serbia agreed to an EU-drafted UNGA Resolution acknowledging the ICJ's decision and calling for a new round of talks between Serbia and Kosovo, this time on practical issues rather than Kosovo's status. The EU-moderated Belgrade-Pristina dialogue began in March 2011 and was raised to the level of prime ministers in October 2012. |
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| Geography | |
| Controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the Near East | |
| Location: | Southeastern Europe, between Macedonia and Hungary |
| Geographic coordinates: | 44 00 N, 21 00 E |
| Area: | total: 77,474 sq km land: 77,474 sq km water: 0 sq km Size comparison: slightly smaller than South Carolina |
| Land Boundaries: | total: 2,026 km border countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina 302 km, Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia 241 km, Hungary 151 km, Kosovo 352 km, Macedonia 62 km, Montenegro 124 km, Romania 476 km |
| Coastline: | 0 km (landlocked) |
| Maritime claims: | none (landlocked) |
| Climate: | in the north, continental climate (cold winters and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall); in other parts, continental and Mediterranean climate (relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall and hot, dry summers and autumns) |
| Terrain: | extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountains and hills |
| Elevation extremes: | lowest point: Danube and Timok Rivers 35 m highest point: Midzor 2,169 m |
| Natural resources: | oil, gas, coal, iron ore, copper, zinc, antimony, chromite, gold, silver, magnesium, pyrite, limestone, marble, salt, arable land |
| Land use: | arable land: NA permanent crops: NA other: NA |
| Irrigated land: | 890 sq km |
| Natural hazards: | destructive earthquakes |
| Current Environment Issues: | air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danube |
| International Environment Agreements: | party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements |
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| People | |
| Population: | 7,243,007 (July 2013 est.) note: does not include the population of Kosovo |
| Age structure: | 0-14 years: 14.8% (male 553,644/female 519,887) 15-24 years: 11.9% (male 442,442/female 416,698) 25-54 years: 41.7% (male 1,521,214/female 1,497,906) 55-64 years: 14.7% (male 513,282/female 554,787) 65 years and over: 16.9% (male 500,864/female 722,283) (2013 est.) population pyramid: |
| Median age: | total: 41.5 years male: 39.8 years female: 43.2 years (2012 est.) |
| Population growth rate: | -0.464% (2012 est.) |
| Birth rate: | 9.17 births/1,000 population (2012 est.) |
| Death rate: | 13.81 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.) |
| Net migration rate: | 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.) |
| Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.07 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female 65 years and above: 0.69 male(s)/female total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2011 est.) |
| Infant mortality rate: | total: 6.4 deaths/1,000 live births male: 7.38 deaths/1,000 live births female: 5.36 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.) |
| Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 74.56 years male: 71.71 years female: 77.58 years (2012 est.) |
| Total fertility rate: | 1.41 children born/woman (2013 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | 0.1% (2009 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | 6,400 (2009 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - deaths: | fewer than 100 (2009 est.) |
| Nationality: | noun: Serb(s) adjective: Serbian |
| Ethnic groups: | Serb 82.9%, Hungarian 3.9%, Romany (Gypsy) 1.4%, Yugoslavs 1.1%, Bosniaks 1.8%, Montenegrin 0.9%, other 8% (2002 census) |
| Religions: | Serbian Orthodox 85%, Catholic 5.5%, Protestant 1.1%, Muslim 3.2%, unspecified 2.6%, other, unknown, or atheist 2.6% (2002 census) |
| Languages: | Serbian (official) 88.3%, Hungarian 3.8%, Bosniak 1.8%, Romany (Gypsy) 1.1%, other 4.1%, unknown 0.9% (2002 census) note: Romanian, Hungarian, Slovak, Ukrainian, and Croatian all official in Vojvodina |
| Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 97.9% male: 99.2% female: 96.7% (2010 est.) |
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| Government | |
| Country name: | conventional long form: Republic of Serbia conventional short form: Serbia local long form: Republika Srbija local short form: Srbija former: People's Republic of Serbia, Socialist Republic of Serbia |
| Government type: | republic |
| Capital: | name: Belgrade (Beograd) geographic coordinates: 44 50 N, 20 30 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October |
| Administrative divisions: | 122 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina) and 23 cities (gradovi, singular - grad) municipalities: Ada, Aleksandrovac, Aleksinac, Alibunar, Apatin, Arandelovac, Arilje, Babusnica, Bac, Backa Palanka, Backa Topola, Backi Petrovac, Bajina Basta, Batocina, Becej, Bela Crkva, Bela Palanka, Beocin, Blace, Bogatic, Bojnik, Boljevac, Bor, Bosilegrad, Brus, Bujanovac, Cajetina, Cicevac, Coka, Crna Trava, Cuprija, Despotovac, Dimitrov, Doljevac, Gadzin Han, Golubac, Gornji Milanovac, Indija, Irig, Ivanjica, Kanjiza, Kikinda, Kladovo, Knic, Knjazevac, Koceljeva, Kosjeric, Kovacica, Kovin, Krupanj, Kucevo, Kula, Kursumlija, Lajkovac, Lapovo, Lebane, Ljig, Ljubovija, Lucani, Majdanpek, Mali Idos, Mali Zvornik, Malo Crnice, Medveda, Merosina, Mionica, Negotin, Nova Crnja, Nova Varos, Novi Becej, Novi Knezevac, Odzaci, Opovo, Osecina, Paracin, Pecinci, Petrovac na Mlavi, Pirot, Plandiste, Pozega, Presevo, Priboj, Prijepolje, Prokuplje, Raca, Raska, Razanj, Rekovac, Ruma, Secanj, Senta, Sid, Sjenica, Smederevska Palanka, Sokobanja, Srbobran, Sremski Karlovci, Stara Pazova, Surdulica, Svilajnac, Svrljig, Temerin, Titel, Topola, Trgoviste, Trstenik, Tutin, Ub, Varvarin, Velika Plana, Veliko Gradiste, Vladicin Han, Vladimirci, Vlasotince, Vrbas, Vrnjacka Banja, Vrsac, Zabalj, Zabari, Zagubica, Zitiste, Zitorada cities: Beograd, Cacak, Jagodina, Dragujevac, Kraljevo, Krusevac, Leskovac, Loznica, Nis, Novi Pazar, Novi Sad, Pancevo, Pozarevac, Sabac, Smederevo, Sombor, Sremska Mitrovica, Subotica, Uzice, Vajevo, Vranje, Zajecar, Zrenjanin |
| Independence: | 5 June 2006 (from Serbia and Montenegro) |
| National holiday: | National Day, 15 February |
| Constitution: | adopted 8 November 2006; effective 10 November 2006 |
| Legal system: | civil law system |
| Suffrage: | 18 years of age, 16 if employed; universal |
| Executive branch: | chief of state: President Tomislav NIKOLIC (since 31 May 2012) head of government: Prime Minister Ivica DACIC (since 23 July 2012) cabinet: Republican Ministries act as cabinet (For more information visit the World Leaders website ) elections: president elected by direct vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 20 May 2012 (next to be held in 2017); prime minister elected by the National Assembly election results: Tomislav NIKOLIC elected president in runoff election; NIKOLIC 51.2% of the vote, Boris TADIC 48.8% of the vote |
| Legislative branch: | unicameral National Assembly (250 seats; deputies elected according to party lists to serve four-year terms) elections: last held on 6 May 2012 (next to be held by May 2016) election results: percent of vote by party - Let's Get Serbia Moving 24.04%, Choice for a Better Life 22.11%, SPS/PUPS/JS 14.53%, DSS 7.00%, Turnover 6.52%, United Regions of Serbia 5.49%, Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians 1.77%, other 18.54%; seats by party - Let's Get Serbia Moving 73, Choice for a Better Life 67, SPS/PUPS/JS 44, DSS 21, Turnover 19, United Regions of Serbia 16, Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians 5, other 5 note: current composition by parliamentary groups - SNS 65, DS 51, SPS 25, DSS 21, United Regions of Serbia 16, LDP 13, PUPS 12, SDPS 9, Independent MPs 8, NS 8, JS 7, SVM 5, LSV 5, SPO 5 |
| Judicial branch: | courts of general jurisdiction (municipal courts, district courts, Appellate Courts, the Supreme Court of Cassation); courts of special jurisdiction (commercial courts, the High Commercial Court, the High Magistrates Court, the Administrative Court) |
| Political parties and leaders: | Albanian Coalition of Presevo Valley [Riza HALIMI]; Alliance of Vojvodina Hungarians or SVM [Istvan PASZTOR]; Bosniak Democratic Union or BDZ [Elmir ELFIC]; Democratic Party of Serbia or DSS [Vojislav KOSTUNICA]; Choice for a Better Life [Boris TADIC] (includes Democratic Party of DS [Dragan DJILAS], Social Democratic Party of Serbia or SDPS [Rasim LJAJIC], League of Social Democrats of Vojvodina or LSV [Nenad CANAK], Greens of Serbia or ZS [Ivan KARIC], Democratic Alliance of Croats in Vojvodina or DSHV [Petar KUNTIC], and Christian Democratic Party of Serbia or DHSS [Olgica BATIC]); Let's Get Serbia Moving [Tomislav NIKOLIC] (includes Serbian Progressive Party or SNS [Aleksandar VUCIC], New Serbia or NS [Velimir ILIC], Movement of Socialists [Aleksandar VULIN], Strength of Serbia Movement or PSS [Bogoljub KARIC], Association of Small and Medium Businesses and Entrepreneurs of Serbia, Coalition of Refugee Associations in Serbia, Bosniak People's Party [Mujo MUKOVIC], Democratic Party of Macedonians [Mile SPIROVSKI], Roma Party [Srdan SAJN], Movement of Vlach Unity, and Economic Renewal of Serbia); None of the Offered Options or NOPO [Nikola TULIMIROVIC]; Party of Democratic Action of the Sandzak or SDA [Sulejman UGLJANIN]; Party of United Pensioners of Serbia or PUPS [Jovan KRKOBABIC]; Socialist Party of Serbia or SPS [Ivica DACIC]; Turnover [Cedomir JOVANOVIC] (includes Liberal Democratic Party or LDP [Cedomir JOVANOVIC], Serbian Renewal Movement or SPO [Vuk DRASKOVIC], Social Democratic Union or SDU [Zarko KORAC], Rich Serbia [Zaharije TRNAVCEVIC], Vojvodina's Party [Igor KURJACKI], Democratic Party of Sandzak, Green Ecological Party [Mithat NOKIC], and Party of Bulgarians of Serbia); United Regions of Serbia [Mladan DINKIC]; United Serbia or JS [Dragan "Palma" MARKOVIC] |
| Political pressure groups and leaders: | 1389 (Serbian nationalist movement); Dveri - Movement for the Life of Serbia; Obraz (Orthodox clero-fascist organization); SNP NASI (Serbian National Movement NASI) |
| International organization participation: | BIS, BSEC, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EU (candidate country), FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer) |
| Diplomatic representation in the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Vladimir PETROVIC chancery: 2134 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 332-0333 FAX: [1] (202) 332-3933 consulate(s) general: Chicago, New York |
| Diplomatic representation from the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Michael KIRBY embassy: Kneza Milosa 50, 11000 Belgrade, PAK 112807 mailing address: 5070 Belgrade Place, Washington, DC 20521-5070 telephone: [381] (11) 361-9344 FAX: [381] (11) 361-8230 |
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| Economy | |
| Serbia has a transitional economy mostly dominated by market forces, but the state sector remains large and many institutional reforms are needed. The economy relies on manufacturing and exports, driven largely by foreign investment. MILOSEVIC-era mismanagement of the economy, an extended period of international economic sanctions, civil war, and the damage to Yugoslavia's infrastructure and industry during the NATO airstrikes in 1999 left the economy only half the size it was in 1990. After the ousting of former Federal Yugoslav President MILOSEVIC in September 2000, the Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS) coalition government implemented stabilization measures and embarked on a market reform program. After renewing its membership in the IMF in December 2000, Serbia continued to reintegrate into the international community by rejoining the World Bank (IBRD) and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD). Serbia has made progress in trade liberalization and enterprise restructuring and privatization, but many large enterprises - including the power utilities, telecommunications company, natural gas company, national air carrier, and others - remain in state hands. Serbia has made some progress towards EU membership, signing a Stabilization and Association Agreement with Brussels in May 2008, and with full implementation of the Interim Trade Agreement with the EU in February 2010, gained candidate status in March 2012. Serbia's negotiations with the World Trade Organization are advanced, with the country's complete ban on the trade and cultivation of agricultural biotecnology products representing the primary remaining obstacle to accession. Serbia's program with the IMF was frozen in early 2012 because the 2012 budget approved by parliament deviated from the program parameters; the arrangement in now void. High unemployment and stagnant household incomes are ongoing poloitical and economic problems. Structural economic reforms needed to ensure the country's long-term propserity have largely stalled since the onset of the global financial crisis. The economy slipped by an estimated 2.0% in 2012, following growth of 1.6% in 2011, 1.0% in 2010, and a 3.5% contraction in 2009. Growing deficits constrain the use of stimulus efforts to revive the economy and contribute to growing concern of a public debt crisis, given that Serbia's total public debt as a share of GDP doubled between 2008 and 2012, reaching 61.5% of GDP at the end of 2012. Further, Serbia's concerns about inflation and exchange rate stability preclude the use of expansionary monetary policy. Serbia adopted a new long-term economic growth plan in 2010 that calls for a quadrupling of exports over ten years and heavy investments in basic infrastructure. In 2012, however, exports fell by 3.6% compared to 2011, largely as a result of the halt in production at the former US Steel plant and a summer drought that slashed agricultural production. Major challenges ahead include: high unemployment rates and the need for job creation; high government expenditures for salaries, pensions, and unemployment benefits; a growing need for new government borrowing; rising public and private foreign debt; attracting new foreign direct investment; and getting the IMF program back on track. Other serious challenges include an inefficient judicial system, high levels of corruption, and an aging population. Factors favorable to Serbia's economic growth include a strategic location, a relatively inexpensive and skilled labor force, and free trade agreements with the EU, Russia, Turkey, and countries that are members of the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA). | |
| GDP (purchasing power parity): | GDP (purchasing power parity): $78.43 billion (2012 est.) $80.04 billion (2011 est.) $78.76 billion (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars |
| GDP (official exchange rate): | GDP (official exchange rate): $37.2 billion (2012 est.) |
| GDP - real growth rate: | -2% (2012 est.) 1.6% (2011 est.) 1% (2010 est.) |
| GDP - per capita (PPP): | GDP - per capita (PPP): $10,500 (2012 est.) $10,600 (2011 est.) $10,500 (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars |
| GDP - composition by sector: | agriculture: 10.6% industry: 18.6% services: 70.8% (2012 est.) |
| Labor force: | 2.86 million (2012 est.) |
| Labor force - by occupation: | agriculture: 21.9% industry: 19.5% services: 58.6% (2010) |
| Unemployment rate: | 22.4% (2012 est.) 23.7% (2011 est.) |
| Population below poverty line: | 9.2% (2010 est.) |
| Household income or consumption by percentage share: | |
| Distribution of family income - Gini index: | 28.2 (2008) 30 (2003) |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices): | Inflation rate (consumer prices): 6.2% (2012 est.) 11.2% (2011 est.) |
| Investment (gross fixed): | Investment (gross fixed): 18.4% of GDP (2012 est.) |
| Budget: | revenues: $16.69 billion expenditures: $18.98 billion note: this is the consolidated budget, including both central government and local goverment budgets (2012 est.) |
| Public debt: | 61.5% of GDP (2012 est.) 45.1% of GDP (2011 est.) note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued or owned by government entities other than the treasury (for which the GOS issued guarantees); the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities (for which the GOS issued guarantees), as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment. Debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions. |
| Agriculture - products: | wheat, maize, sugar beets, sunflower, raspberries; beef, pork, milk |
| Industries: | base metals, furniture, food processing, machinery, chemicals, sugar, tires, clothes, pharmaceuticals |
| Industrial production growth rate: | -2.9% (2012 est.) |
| Electricity - production: | 37.86 billion kWh (2012) country comparison to the world: 61 |
| Electricity - consumption: | 37.37 billion kWh (2012) |
| Electricity - exports: | 1.24 billion kWh (2012 est.) |
| Electricity - imports: | 1.5 billion kWh (2012) |
| Natural gas - production: | 557 million cu m (2012 est.) |
| Natural gas - consumption: | 2.84 billion cu m (2012 est.) |
| Natural gas - exports: | 0 cu m (2012 est.) |
| Natural gas - imports: | 2.61 billion cu m (2012 est.) |
| Natural gas - proved reserves: | 48.14 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.) |
| Current account balance: | -$3.895 billion (2012 est.) -$4.122 billion (2011 est.) |
| Exports: | $11.35 billion (2012 est.) $11.78 billion (2011 est.) |
| Exports - commodities: | iron and steel, rubber, clothes, wheat, fruit and vegetables, nonferrous metals, electric appliances, metal products, weapons and ammunition, automobiles |
| Imports: | $19.01 billion (2012 est.) $19.45 billion (2011 est.) |
| Imports - commodities: | |
| Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: | $15.56 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $15.6 billion (31 December 2011 est.) |
| Debt - external: | $33.41 billion (30 November 2012 est.) $31.53 billion (31 December 2011 est.) |
| Stock of direct foreign investment - at home: | $27 billion (31 December 2009 est.) $11.95 billion (2006 est.) |
| Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad: | $NA |
| Market value of publicly traded shares: | $9.54 billion (13 February 2013) $8.365 billion (31 December 2011) $9.69 billion (31 December 2010) |
| Exchange rates: | Serbian dinars (RSD) per US dollar - 90.35 (2012 est.) 72.455 (2011 est.) 77.729 (2010 est.) 67.634 (2009) 62.9 (2008) |
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| Communications | |
| Telephones in use: | 3.03 million (2011) country comparison to the world: 51 |
| Cellular Phones in use: | 10.182 million (2011) |
| Telephone system: | general assessment: replacements of, and upgrades to, telecommunications equipment damaged during the 1999 war has resulted in a modern digitalized telecommunications system domestic: wireless service, available through multiple providers with national coverage, is growing very rapidly; best telecommunications services are centered in urban centers; 3G mobile network launched in 2007 international: country code - 381 (2011) |
| Radio broadcast stations: | |
| Television broadcast stations: | |
| Internet country code: | .rs |
| Internet hosts: | 1.102 million (2012) |
| Internet users: | 4.107 million (2009) |
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| Transportation | |
| Airports: | 30 (2012) country comparison to the world: 115 |
| Airports (paved runways): | total: 11 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 3 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2012) |
| Airports (unpaved runways): | total: 19 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 10 under 914 m: 8 (2012) |
| Heliports: | 2 (2012) |
| Railways: | total: 3,379 km standard gauge: 3,379 km 1.435-m gauge (1,196 km electrified) (2006) |
| Roadways: | total: 41,913 km paved: 26,007 km unpaved: 15,906 km (2007) |
| Waterways: | 587 km (primarily on the Danube and Sava rivers) (2009) |
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| Military | |
| Military branches: | Serbian Armed Forces (Vojska Srbije, VS): Land Forces Command (includes Riverine Component, consisting of a river flotilla on the Danube), Air and Air Defense Forces Command (2010) |
| Military service age and obligation: | 18 years of age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished effective December 2010; service obligation - 6 months, with reserve obligation to age 60 for men and age 50 for women (2010) |
| Manpower fit for military service: | males age 16-49: 1,395,426 females age 16-49: 1,356,415 (2010 est.) |
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