Ecuador Population: 15,439,429
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| Background | |
| What is now Ecuador formed part of the northern Inca Empire until the Spanish conquest in 1533. Quito became a seat of Spanish colonial government in 1563 and part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada in 1717. The territories of the Viceroyalty - New Granada (Colombia), Venezuela, and Quito - gained their independence between 1819 and 1822 and formed a federation known as Gran Colombia. When Quito withdrew in 1830, the traditional name was changed in favor of the "Republic of the Equator." Between 1904 and 1942, Ecuador lost territories in a series of conflicts with its neighbors. A border war with Peru that flared in 1995 was resolved in 1999. Although Ecuador marked 30 years of civilian governance in 2004, the period was marred by political instability. Protests in Quito contributed to the mid-term ouster of three of Ecuador's last four democratically elected Presidents. In late 2008, voters approved a new constitution, Ecuador's 20th since gaining independence. General elections, under the new constitutional framework, were held in April 2009, and voters re-elected President Rafael CORREA. |
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| Geography | |
| Cotopaxi in Andes is highest active volcano in world | |
| Location: | Western South America, bordering the Pacific Ocean at the Equator, between Colombia and Peru |
| Geographic coordinates: | 2 00 S, 77 30 W |
| Area: | total: 283,561 sq km land: 276,841 sq km water: 6,720 sq km note: includes Galapagos Islands Size comparison: slightly smaller than Nevada |
| Land Boundaries: | total: 2,010 km border countries: Colombia 590 km, Peru 1,420 km |
| Coastline: | 2,237 km |
| Maritime claims: | territorial sea: 200 nm continental shelf: 100 nm from 2,500-m isobath |
| Climate: | tropical along coast, becoming cooler inland at higher elevations; tropical in Amazonian jungle lowlands |
| Terrain: | coastal plain (costa), inter-Andean central highlands (sierra), and flat to rolling eastern jungle (oriente) |
| Elevation extremes: | lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m highest point: Chimborazo 6,267 m note: due to the fact that the earth is not a perfect sphere and has an equatorial bulge, the highest point on the planet furthest from its center is Mount Chimborazo not Mount Everest, which is merely the highest peak above sea-level |
| Natural resources: | petroleum, fish, timber, hydropower |
| Land use: | arable land: 5.71% permanent crops: 4.81% other: 89.48% (2005) |
| Irrigated land: | 8,650 sq km (2003) |
| Natural hazards: | frequent earthquakes; landslides; volcanic activity; floods; periodic droughts volcanism: volcanic activity concentrated along the Andes Mountains; Sangay (elev. 5,230 m), which erupted in 2010, is mainland Ecuador's most active volcano; other historically active volcanoes in the Andes include Antisana, Cayambe, Chacana, Cotopaxi, Guagua Pichincha, Reventador, Sumaco, and Tungurahua; Fernandina (elev. 1,476 m), a shield volcano that last erupted in 2009, is the most active of the many Galapagos volcanoes; other historically active Galapagos volcanoes include Wolf, Sierra Negra, Cerro Azul, Pinta, Marchena, and Santiago |
| Current Environment Issues: | deforestation; soil erosion; desertification; water pollution; pollution from oil production wastes in ecologically sensitive areas of the Amazon Basin and Galapagos Islands |
| International Environment Agreements: | party to: Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements |
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| People | |
| Population: | 15,439,429 (July 2013 est.) |
| Age structure: | 0-14 years: 29% (male 2,284,815/female 2,193,648) 15-24 years: 18.7% (male 1,462,025/female 1,427,181) 25-54 years: 38.7% (male 2,908,224/female 3,061,896) 55-64 years: 6.9% (male 524,574/female 540,074) 65 years and over: 6.7% (male 496,557/female 540,435) (2013 est.) population pyramid: |
| Median age: | total: 26 years male: 25.4 years female: 26.6 years (2012 est.) |
| Population growth rate: | 1.419% (2012 est.) |
| Birth rate: | 19.6 births/1,000 population (2012 est.) |
| Death rate: | 5.01 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.) |
| Net migration rate: | -0.39 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.) |
| Sex ratio: | at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.92 male(s)/female total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (2011 est.) |
| Infant mortality rate: | total: 19.06 deaths/1,000 live births male: 22.37 deaths/1,000 live births female: 15.59 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.) |
| Life expectancy at birth: | total population: 75.94 years male: 73 years female: 79.04 years (2012 est.) |
| Total fertility rate: | 2.33 children born/woman (2013 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: | 0.4% (2009 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: | 37,000 (2009 est.) |
| HIV/AIDS - deaths: | 2,200 (2009 est.) |
| Nationality: | noun: Ecuadorian(s) adjective: Ecuadorian |
| Ethnic groups: | mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 71.9%, Montubio 7.4%, Afroecuadorian 7.2%, Amerindian 7%, white 6.1%, other 0.4% (2010 census) |
| Religions: | Roman Catholic 95%, other 5% |
| Languages: | Spanish (official), indigenous (Quechua, Shuar) |
| Literacy: | definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 93.2% male: 94.2% female: 92.3% (2010 census) |
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| Government | |
| Country name: | conventional long form: Republic of Ecuador conventional short form: Ecuador local long form: Republica del Ecuador local short form: Ecuador |
| Government type: | republic |
| Capital: | name: Quito geographic coordinates: 0 13 S, 78 30 W time difference: UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC during Standard Time) |
| Administrative divisions: | 24 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia); Azuay, Bolivar, Canar, Carchi, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, El Oro, Esmeraldas, Galapagos, Guayas, Imbabura, Loja, Los Rios, Manabi, Morona-Santiago, Napo, Orellana, Pastaza, Pichincha, Santa Elena, Santo Domingo de los Tsachilas, Sucumbios, Tungurahua, Zamora-Chinchipe |
| Independence: | 24 May 1822 (from Spain) |
| National holiday: | Independence Day (independence of Quito), 10 August (1809) |
| Constitution: | 20 October 2008; this is Ecuador's 20th constitution |
| Legal system: | civil law based on the Chilean civil code with modifications |
| Suffrage: | 18-65 years of age, universal and compulsory; 16 and other eligible voters, optional |
| Executive branch: | chief of state: President Rafael CORREA Delgado (since 15 January 2007); Vice President Lenin MORENO Garces (since 15 January 2007); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: President Rafael CORREA Delgado (since 15 January 2007); Vice President Lenin MORENO Garces (since 15 January 2007) cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president (For more information visit the World Leaders website ) elections: the president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for a four-year term and can be re-elected for another consecutive term; election last held on 17 February 2013 (next to be held in 2017) election results: President Rafael CORREA Delgado reelected president; percent of vote - Rafael CORREA Delgado 56.9%, Guillermo LASSO 23.8%, Lucio GUTIERREZ 6%, other 13.3%; note - official results pending |
| Legislative branch: | unicameral National Assembly or Asamblea Nacional (124 seats; members are elected through a party-list proportional representation system to serve four-year terms) elections: last held on 26 April 2009 (next to be held 17 February 2013) election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PAIS 59, PSP 19, PSC 11, PRIAN 7, MPD 5, PRE 3, other 20; note - defections by members of National Assembly are commonplace, resulting in frequent changes in the numbers of seats held by the various parties; as of 11 December 2012, the composition legislature is as follows: seats by party - PAIS 54, PSP 15, PRIAN 7, PSC 4, MPD 5, PRE 3, other 36 |
| Judicial branch: | National Court of Justice or Corte Nacional de Justicia (according to the Constitution, justices are elected through a procedure overseen by the Judiciary Council); Constitutional Court or Corte Constitucional (Constitutional Court justices are appointed by a commission composed of two delegates each from the Executive, Legislative, and Transparency branches of government) |
| Political parties and leaders: | Alianza PAIS movement [Rafael Vicente CORREA Delgado]; Breakaway Party [Martha ROLDOS]; Institutional Renewal and National Action Party or PRIAN [Alvaro NOBOA]; Pachakutik Plurinational Unity Movement - New Country or MUPP-NP [Rafael ANTUNI]; Patriotic Society Party or PSP [Lucio GUTIERREZ Borbua]; Popular Democratic Movement or MPD [Luis VILLACIS]; Roldosist Party or PRE [Abdala BUCARAM Pulley, director]; Social Christian Party or PSC [Pascual DEL CIOPPO]; Socialist Party; Warrior's Spirit Movement [Jaime NEBOT] |
| Political pressure groups and leaders: | Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador or CONAIE [Humberto CHOLANGO]; Federation of Indigenous Evangelists of Ecuador or FEINE [Manuel CHUGCHILAN, president]; National Federation of Indigenous Afro-Ecuatorianos and Peasants or FENOCIN [Luis Alberto ANDRANGO Cadena, president]; National Teacher's Union or UNE [Mariana PALLASCO] |
| International organization participation: | CAN, CD, CELAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO |
| Diplomatic representation in the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Saskia Nathalie CELY Suarez chancery: 1050 30th Street, NW, Washington, DC 20007 telephone: [1] (202) 465-8140 FAX: [1] (202) 333-2893 consulate(s) general: Atlanta, Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New Haven (CT), New Orleans, New York, Newark (NJ), Phoenix, San Francisco |
| Diplomatic representation from the US: | chief of mission: Ambassador Adam NAMM embassy: Avenida Avigiras E12-170 y Avenida Eloy Alfaro, Quito mailing address: Avenida Guayacanes N52-205 y Avenida Avigiras telephone: [593] (2) 398-5000 FAX: [593] (2) 398-5100 consulate(s) general: Guayaquil |
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| Economy | |
| Ecuador is substantially dependent on its petroleum resources, which have accounted for more than half of the country's export earnings and approximately two-fifths of public sector revenues in recent years. In 1999/2000, Ecuador's economy suffered from a banking crisis, with GDP contracting by 5.3% and poverty increasing significantly. In March 2000, the Congress approved a series of structural reforms that also provided for the adoption of the US dollar as legal tender. Dollarization stabilized the economy, and positive growth returned in the years that followed, helped by high oil prices, remittances, and increased non-traditional exports. From 2002-06 the economy grew an average of 4.3% per year, the highest five-year average in 25 years. After moderate growth in 2007, the economy reached a growth rate of 6.4% in 2008, buoyed by high global petroleum prices and increased public sector investment. President Rafael CORREA, who took office in January 2007, defaulted in December 2008 on Ecuador's sovereign debt, which, with a total face value of approximately US$3.2 billion, represented about 30% of Ecuador's public external debt. In May 2009, Ecuador bought back 91% of its "defaulted" bonds via an international reverse auction. Economic policies under the CORREA administration - for example, an announcement in late 2009 of its intention to terminate 13 bilateral investment treaties, including one with the United States - have generated economic uncertainty and discouraged private investment. The Ecuadorian economy slowed to 1% growth in 2009 due to the global financial crisis and to the sharp decline in world oil prices and remittance flows. Growth picked up to a 3.3% rate in 2010 and 8% in 2011, before falling to 4% in 2012. China has become Ecuador's largest foreign lender since Quito defaulted in 2008, allowing the government to maintain a high rate of social spending; Ecuador contracted with the Chinese government for more than $9 billion in oil for cash and project loans as of December 2012. | |
| GDP (purchasing power parity): | GDP (purchasing power parity): $134.7 billion (2012 est.) $129.5 billion (2011 est.) $120.1 billion (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars |
| GDP (official exchange rate): | GDP (official exchange rate): $73.23 billion (2012 est.) |
| GDP - real growth rate: | 4% (2012 est.) 7.8% (2011 est.) 3.3% (2010 est.) |
| GDP - per capita (PPP): | GDP - per capita (PPP): $8,800 (2012 est.) $8,600 (2011 est.) $8,100 (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars |
| GDP - composition by sector: | agriculture: 6.4% industry: 36.1% services: 57.5% (2012 est.) |
| Labor force: | 6.779 million (2012 est.) (December 2012 est.) |
| Labor force - by occupation: | agriculture: 27.6% industry: 18.8% services: 53.6% (2010) |
| Unemployment rate: | 4.1% (December 2012 est.) 4.2% (December 2011 est.) |
| Population below poverty line: | 27.3% (December 2012 est.) |
| Household income or consumption by percentage share: | lowest 10%: 1.4% highest 10%: 38.3% note: data for urban households only (2010 est.) |
| Distribution of family income - Gini index: | 47.7 (December 2012) 50.5 (2006) note: data are for urban households |
| Inflation rate (consumer prices): | Inflation rate (consumer prices): 5.3% (2012 est.) 4.5% (2011 est.) |
| Investment (gross fixed): | Investment (gross fixed): 24.6% of GDP (2012 est.) |
| Budget: | revenues: $15.9 billion expenditures: $20.1 billion (2012 est.) |
| Public debt: | 23.3% of GDP (2012 est.) 21.7% of GDP (2011 est.) |
| Agriculture - products: | bananas, coffee, cocoa, rice, potatoes, manioc (tapioca), plantains, sugarcane; cattle, sheep, pigs, beef, pork, dairy products; fish, shrimp; balsa wood |
| Industries: | petroleum, food processing, textiles, wood products, chemicals |
| Industrial production growth rate: | 10.1% note: excludes oil refining (2011 est.) |
| Electricity - production: | 21.84 billion kWh (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 70 |
| Electricity - consumption: | 14.92 billion kWh (2009 est.) |
| Electricity - exports: | 14.1 million kWh (2009 est.) |
| Electricity - imports: | 1.3 billion kWh (2009 est.) |
| Natural gas - production: | 330 million cu m (2010 est.) |
| Natural gas - consumption: | 330 million cu m (2010 est.) |
| Natural gas - exports: | 0 cu m (2010 est.) |
| Natural gas - imports: | 25,000 cu m (2012 est.) |
| Natural gas - proved reserves: | 7.985 billion cu m (1 January 2012 est.) |
| Current account balance: | -$1.387 billion (2012 est.) -$238.4 million (2011 est.) |
| Exports: | $23.77 billion (2012 est.) $22.32 billion (2011 est.) |
| Exports - commodities: | petroleum, bananas, cut flowers, shrimp, cacao, coffee, wood, fish |
| Exports - partners: | US 37.8%, Panama 9.9%, Peru 6.2%, Venezuela 5.2%, Chile 4.9%, Russia 4.6% (2011) |
| Imports: | $24.67 billion (2012 est.) $23.24 billion (2011 est.) |
| Imports - commodities: | industrial materials, fuels and lubricants, nondurable consumer goods |
| Imports - partners: | US 27.6%, China 10.1%, Colombia 9%, Panama 4.6%, Peru 4.5%, Brazil 4.3%, South Korea 4% (2011) |
| Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: | $2.482 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $2.958 billion (31 December 2011 est.) |
| Debt - external: | $20.03 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $18.62 billion (31 December 2011 est.) |
| Stock of direct foreign investment - at home: | $13.11 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $12.39 billion (31 December 2011 est.) |
| Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad: | $6.33 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $6.33 billion (31 December 2011 est.) |
| Market value of publicly traded shares: | $5.779 billion (31 December 2011) $5.263 billion (31 December 2010) $4.248 billion (31 December 2009) |
| Exchange rates: | the US dollar became Ecuador's currency in 2001 |
| Fiscal year: | calendar year |
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| Communications | |
| Telephones in use: | 2.211 million (2011) country comparison to the world: 56 |
| Cellular Phones in use: | 15.333 million (2011) |
| Telephone system: | general assessment: elementary fixed-line service, but increasingly sophisticated mobile-cellular network domestic: fixed-line services provided by multiple telecommunications operators; fixed-line teledensity stands at about 15 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular use has surged and subscribership has reached 100 per 100 persons international: country code - 593; landing points for the PAN-AM and South America-1 submarine cables that provide links to the west coast of South America, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, and extending onward to Aruba and the US Virgin Islands in the Caribbean; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2011) |
| Radio broadcast stations: | |
| Television broadcast stations: | |
| Internet country code: | .ec |
| Internet hosts: | 170,538 (2012) |
| Internet users: | 3.352 million (2009) |
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| Transportation | |
| Airports: | 431 (2012) country comparison to the world: 20 |
| Airports (paved runways): | total: 101 over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 5 1,524 to 2,437 m: 18 914 to 1,523 m: 23 under 914 m: 52 (2012) |
| Airports (unpaved runways): | total: 330 914 to 1,523 m: 40 under 914 m: 290 (2012) |
| Heliports: | 2 (2012) |
| Pipelines: | extra heavy crude 434 km; gas 5 km; oil 1,378 km; refined products 1,262 km (2010) |
| Railways: | total: 965 km narrow gauge: 965 km 1.067-m gauge (2008) |
| Roadways: | total: 43,670 km paved: 6,472 km unpaved: 37,198 km (2006) |
| Waterways: | 1,500 km (most inaccessible) (2012) |
| Merchant marine: | total: 44 by type: cargo 1, chemical tanker 4, liquefied gas 1, passenger 9, petroleum tanker 28, refrigerated cargo 1 registered in other countries: 4 (Panama 3, Peru 1) (2010) |
| Ports and terminals: | Esmeraldas, Guayaquil, Manta, Puerto Bolivar |
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| Military | |
| Military branches: | Ecuadorian Armed Forces: Ecuadorian Land Force (Fuerza Terrestre Ecuatoriana, FTE), Ecuadorian Navy (Fuerza Naval del Ecuador (FNE), includes Naval Infantry, Naval Aviation, Coast Guard), Ecuadorian Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Ecuatoriana, FAE) (2012) |
| Military service age and obligation: | 20 years of age for selective conscript military service; Air Force 18-22 years of age, Ecadorian birth requirement; 12-month service obligation (2008) |
| Manpower available for military service: | males age 16-49: 3,728,906 females age 16-49: 3,844,918 (2010 est.) |
| Manpower fit for military service: | males age 16-49: 2,834,213 females age 16-49: 3,269,535 (2010 est.) |
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